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Termites are far less likely to be attacked by parasites than bees, wasps and ants, as they are usually well protected in their own mounds.122 Nevertheless, termites are infected by a variety of parasites. Some of these include dipteran flies,123 Pyemotes mites, and a large number of nematode parasites. Many nematode parasites are in the order Rhabditida; others are in the genus Mermis, Diplogaster aerivora and Harteria gallinarum.
M. anispliae is known to weaken the termite immune system. Infection with A. nomius only takes place when a colony is under great stress. .
Termites are infected by viruses including Entomopoxvirinae and the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus.130131
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Foraging behavior depends on the type of termite. By way of example, certain species feed on the timber constructions they inhabit, and many others harvest food that is near the nest.132 Most employees are rarely found out in the open, and do not forage unprotected; they rely on sheeting and runways to protect them from predators.
When they find a food sourcethey communicate with other soldiers and a small force of employees starts to emerge. In the second stage, workers appear in massive numbers in the site. The third stage is indicated by a decrease in the number of soldiers present and an increase in the number of workers.136 Isolated termite workers may engage in Lvy flight behavior as an optimised way for finding their nestmates or foraging for food.137.
Competition between two colonies always results in agonistic behaviour towards each other, resulting in fights. These fights can cause mortality on either side and, in some situations, the gain or reduction of land.138139"Cemetery pits" may be present, where the bodies of dead termites are buried.140
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Studies show that when termites encounter each other in foraging areas, some of the termites intentionally block passages to prevent other termites from entering.134141 Dead termites from different colonies found in exploratory tunnels contributes to the isolation of the region and so the need to construct new tunnels.142 Conflict between two competitors does not always occur.
Since C. formosanus colonies may get into physical conflict, some termites squeeze tightly into foraging tunnels and die, successfully blocking the tunnel and ending all agonistic activities.144.
Among the reproductive caste, neotenic queens may compete with each other to become the dominant queen when there are no primary reproductives. This battle among the queens contributes to the elimination of all but a single queen, which, together with all the king, accepts over the colony.145
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Ants and termites may compete with each other for nesting space. In particular, ants that prey on termites normally have a negative impact on arboreal nesting species.146
Most termites are blind, therefore communication primarily occurs through chemical, mechanical and pheromonal cues.41134 These methods of communication are used in a variety of activities, including foraging, locating reproductives, construction of nests, recognition of nestmates, nuptial flight, and locating and fighting enemies, and defending the nests.41134 The most common method of communicating is via antennation.134 A number of pheromones are known, including contact pheromones (which are transmitted when workers are engaged in trophallaxis or grooming) and alarm, trail and sex pheromones.
Trail pheromones are secreted from the sternal gland, and sex pheromones derive from 2 glandular resources: the sternal and tergal glands.41 When termites head out to search for meals, they forage in columns along the ground throughout vegetation. A trail can be identified from the faecal deposits or runways which are covered by objects.
When termites construct their nests, they use predominantly indirect communication. No single termite would be in charge of any specific construction job. Individual termites respond rather than think, but at a group level, they display a type of collective cognition. Particular structures or other objects such as pellets of soil or pillars cause termites to start building.
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The result is check that a self-organised process where the information that directs termite activity results in changes in the environment rather than from direct contact among individuals.134.
Termites can distinguish nestmates and non-nestmates through chemical communication and gut symbionts: compounds consisting of hydrocarbons released from the cuticle permit the recognition of alien species.148149 Each colony has its own distinct odour. This odour is Due to genetic and environmental factors such as the termites' diet andThe composition of these bacteria within the termites' intestines.150.
Termites rely on alert communication to defend a colony.134 Alarm pheromones can be released when the nest has been breached or is being attacked by enemies or potential pathogens. Termites constantly avoid nestmates infected with Metarhizium anisopliae spores, through vibrational signals released by infected nestmates.151 Other procedures of defence include intense jerking and secretion of fluids in the frontal Visit Your URL gland and defecating faeces containing alarm pheromones.134152.